The Monty Hall problem: 縦組

 

The Monty Hall problem:

Suppose you're on a game show, and you're given the choice of three doors: Behind one door may be a car; behind the others, goats.

You pick a door, say No. 1, and the host, who knows what's behind the doors, opens another door, say No. 3, which features a goat.

He then says to you, "Would YOU like to select door No. 2?"

Is it to your advantage to modify your choice?

Monty Hall problem may be a brain teaser loosely based on Let's build a Deal-named once host, Monty Hall.

It became notable as a matter from a reader letter quoted in "Ask Marilyn" column in Parade magazine in 1990.

Dos Savant's response was that the contestant should switch to the other door.

Under the standard assumptions, contestants who switch have a 2/3 probability of winning the automobile, whereas contestants who continue their initial selection have solely a 1/3 probability.

Terminology

Terminology	Japanese	Romanized transliteration	Definition
mawarikomi	回り込み	mawarikomi	NEW
back matter	後付	atozuke	Appendices, supplements, glossary of terms, index and/or bibliography, and so on, appended at the end of a book.
base character	親文字	oya moji	A character to be annotated by ruby, ornament characters, or emphasis dots.
base line	並び線	narabi sen	A virtual line on which almost all glyphs in Western fonts are designed to be aligned. (JIS Z 8125)
bibliography	参考文献	sankō bunken	A list of works and papers related to the subjects in the text. (JIS Z 8125)
blank page	白ページ	shiro pēji	An empty page.
bleed	裁切り	tachikiri	To print a picture or a tint to run off the edge of a trimmed page. (JIS Z 8125)
block direction	行送り方向	gyō okuri hōkō	The direction lines progress, one after the other. (JIS Z 8125)
block heading	別行見出し	betsugyōmidashi	NEW
bold	太字	futoji	NEW
bound on the left-hand side	左綴じ	hidari toji	Binding of a book to be opened from the left.
bound on the right-hand side	右綴じ	migi toji	Binding of a book to be opened from the right.
bousen	傍線	bōsen	A line drawn by the left or right side of a character or a run of text in vertical writing mode. (JIS Z 8125)
break (a line)	（2行に）分割	bunkatsu	To place the first of two adjacent characters at the end of a line and the second at the head of a new line.
caption	キャプション	kyapushon	A title or a short description accompanying a picture, an illustration, or a table. (JIS Z 8125)
cell	こま	koma	NEW
cell contents	こま内容	komanaiyō	NEW
cell padding	こま余白	komayohaku	NEW
centering	中央そろえ	chūō soroe	To align the center of a run of text that is shorter than a given line length to the center of a line. (JIS Z 8125)
character advance	字幅	jihaba	Size of a character frame in the inline direction, generally indicated as a ratio of the size of a full-width character, as in full-width, half-width, or quarter em width. Character advance is the width of a given character in horizontal writing-mode, while it is the height in vertical writing-mode.
character frame	（文字の）外枠	sotowaku	Rectangular area occupied by a character when it is set solid.
character shape	字形	jikei	Incarnation of a character by handwriting, printing or rendering to a computer screen. (JIS Z 8125)
character size	文字サイズ	moji saizu	Dimensions of a character. Unless otherwise noted, it refers to the size of a character frame in the block direction.
characters not ending line	行末禁則文字	gyōmatsu kinsoku moji	Any character for which "line-end prohibition rule" is invoked. (JIS Z 8125)
characters not starting line	行頭禁則文字	gyōtō kinsoku moji	Any character for which "line-start prohibition rule" is invoked. (JIS Z 8125)
chronological history	年譜	nenpu	NEW
chronological table	年表	nenpyō	NEW
chu-boso-kei	中細罫	chūbosokei	NEW
column	段	dan	A partition on a page in multi-column format. (JIS Z 8125)
column gap	段間	dankan	Amount of space between columns on a page. (JIS Z 8125)
column spanning	段抜き	dannuki	NEW
column spanning heading	段抜きの見出し	dannuki no midashi	NEW
composition	組版	kumihan	Process of arrangement of text, figures and/or pictures, etc on a page in a desired layout (design) in preparation for printing.
compound word (jukugo)	熟語	jukugo	A combination of two or more kanji characters which makes one word.
continuous pagination	通しノンブル	tōshi nonburu	a) To number the pages of a book continuously across all those in the front matter, the text and the back matter. b) To number the pages continuously across those of all books, such as a series published in separate volumes. Also to number the pages continuously across those of all issues of a periodical published in a year, aside from pagination per issue. (JIS Z 8125)
descender line	ディセンダライン	disenda rain	A descender is the part of a letter extending below the base line, as in 'g', 'j', 'p', 'q', or 'y'. A descender line is a virtual line drawn at the bottom of descender parallel to base line.
double running head method	両柱方式	ryōbashira hōshiki	A method that prints running heads on both even and odd pages. (JIS Z 8125)
cut-in heading	窓見出し	madomidashi	NEW
emphasis dots	圏点	kenten	Symbols attached alongside a run of base characters to emphasize them. (JIS Z 8125)
endnote	後注	kōchū	A set of notes placed at the end of a part, chapter, section, paragraph and so on, or at the end of a book. (JIS Z 8125)
European numerals	アラビア数字	arabia sūji	Any of the symbols in [0-9] used to represent numbers. (JIS Z 8125)
even inter-character spacing	均等割り	kintō wari	A text setting with uniform inter-character spacing per line so that each line is aligned on the same line-head and line-end. (JIS Z 8125)
even tsumegumi	均等詰め	kintō zume	Adjustment of inter-character space by subtracting the same amount of space. (JIS Z 8125)
face tsumegumi	字面詰め	jizura zume	Adjustment of inter-character space by subtracting space to the extent that two letter faces are placed adjacent. (JIS Z 8125)
fixed inter-character spacing	アキ組	aki gumi	A text setting with a uniform inter-character spacing. (JIS Z 8125)
fixed-width	モノスペース	monosupēsu	A characteristic of a font where the same character advance is assigned for all glyphs. (JIS Z 8125)
font	フォント	fonto	A set of character glyphs of a given typeface. (JIS Z 8125)
foot	地	chi	a) The bottom part of a book or a page. b) The bottom margin between the edge of a trimmed page and the hanmen (text area) (JIS Z 8125)
footnote	脚注	kyakuchū	A note in a smaller face than that of main text, placed at the bottom of a page. (JIS Z 8125)
fore-edge	小口	koguchi	a) The three front trimmed edges of pages in a book. b) The opposite sides of the gutter in a book. (JIS Z 8125)
front matter	前付	maezuke	The first part of a book followed by the text, usually consisting of a forward, preface, table of contents, list of illustrations, acknowledgement and so on.
full-width	全角	zenkaku	a) Relative index for the length which is equal to a given character size. b) Character frame which character advance is equal to the amount referred to as a). A full-width character frame is square in shape by definition.
furigana	振り仮名	furigana	A method of ruby annotation using kana characters to indicate how to read kanji characters. This term derives from a Japanese verb "furu (to attach alongside)" and "kana", and has been used synonymously with "ruby". This document prefers to use the term "ruby".
furikanji	振り漢字	furikanji	A method of ruby annotation using Kanji characters for ruby instead of kana characters.
furiwake	振分け	furiwake	A method of placing multiple runs of text in a line. (JIS Z 8125)
general-ruby	総ルビ	sō rubi	A method of ruby annotation that attaches ruby text for all Kanji characters in the text. (JIS Z 8125)
group-ruby	グループルビ	gurūpu rubi	A method of ruby character distribution such that the length of ruby text matches to that of the base text by giving the same adjusted amount of space between ruby characters.
gutter	のど	nodo	a) The binding side of a spread of a book. b) the margin between the binding edge of a book and the hanmen (text area). c) The part of a book where all pages are bound together to the book spine. (JIS Z 8125)
gyodori?	行取り	gyōdori	NEW
half em	二分	nibu	Half of the full-width size. (JIS Z 8125)
half em space	二分アキ	nibu aki	Amount of space that is half size of em space.
half-width	半角	hankaku	Character frame which has a character advance of a half em.
hanmen (page content area)	版面	hanmen	Actual printed area in a page excluding the margins. (note: Running heads and page numbers are not part of hanmen.) (JIS Z 8125)
han-tobira	半扉	hantobira	A simplified version of naka-tobira, the verso side of which text of the new part starts. (JIS Z 8125)
head	天	ten	a) The top part of a book or a page. b) The top margin between the top edge of a trimmed page and the hanmen (text area) (JIS Z 8125)
heading	見出し	midashi	a) A title of a paper or an article. b) A title for each section of a book, paper or article. (JIS Z 8125)
headnote	頭注	tōchū	NEW
horizontal writing mode	横組	yokogumi	The process or the result of arranging characters on a line from left to right, of lines on a page from top to bottom, and/or of columns on a page from left to right. (JIS Z 8125)
hyphenation	ハイフネーション	haifunēshon	A method of breaking a line by dividing a Western word at the end of a line and adding a hyphen at the end of the first half of the syllable.
ideographic numerals	漢数字	kansūji	Ideographic characters representing numbers.
illustrations	図版	zuhan	A general term referring to a diagram, chart, cut, figure, picture and the like, to be used for printed materials.
independent pagination	別ノンブル	betsu nonburu	To number the pages of the front matter, the text and the back matter independently. (JIS Z 8125)
index	索引	sakuin	A list of terms or subjects with page numbers for where they are referred to in a single or multiple volumes of a book. (JIS Z 8125)
inline direction	字詰め方向	jizume hōkō	Text direction in a line. (JIS Z 8125)
inseparable characters rule	分離禁止	bunri kinshi	A line adjustment rule that prohibits inserting any space between specific combinations of characters. (JIS Z 8125)
inter-character space	字間	jikan	Amount of space between two adjacent character frames on the same line.
itemization	箇条書き	kajō gaki	To list ordered or unordered items one under the other. (JIS Z 8125)
Japanese and Western mixed text composition	和欧文混植	waō konshoku	To mix Japanese text and Western text in the same composition.
Japanese characters	和文文字	wabun moji	Characters used to compose Japanese text.
Japanese gothic face	ゴシック体	goshikku tai	A Japanese typeface, with strokes almost the same in thickness, and no special ornament on a stroke such as a triangular element commonly seen in the Mincho typeface. Used for text emphasis and/or headings.
jidori	字取り	jidori	A method of aligning a run of text to both edges which is specified by a position to start and the length calculated by a specified number of a given size of characters. (JIS Z 8125)
Jouyou Kanji Table	常用漢字表	jōyō kanji hyō	The official list of Kanji characters "for general use in society. such as in legal and official documents, newspapers, magazines, broadcasting and the like". It was established in 1981 as a reference guide for people in composing contemporary Japanese. It listed 1,945 of Kanji characters together with their orthographic shapes, Japanese native reading (Kun), Chinese derived reading (On) and other useful information.
jukugo-ruby	熟語ルビ	jukugo rubi	A method of ruby character distribution determined by two functions, one is to provide reading for each Kanji character, the other is to give a united appearance attached to a word.
kabe	かべ	kabe	NEW
kanbun composition	漢文	kanbun	Chinese classic text (or text in the same style) with various auxiliary symbols so that it can be read as Japanese text.
katatsuki (katatsuki-ruby)	肩付き（肩付きルビ）	katatsuki (katatsuki rubi)	A method of attaching ruby at the upper right of each base character. (JIS Z 8125)
kihon-hanmen	基本版面	kihon hanmen	The default dimensions of the main area of a typeset page specified by text direction, number of columns, character size, number of characters in a line, number of lines in a column, inter-line spacing and inter-column spacing. (JIS X 4051)
label name?	ラベル名	raberumei	NEW
letter face	字面	jizura	Area in which glyph is drawn. (JIS Z 8125)
letterpress printing	活字組版	katsuji kumihan	The traditional printing method using movable type.
line adjustment	行の調整処理	gyō no chōsei shori	A method of aligning both edges of all lines to be the same given length by removing or adding adjustable spaces.
line adjustment by hanging punctuation	ぶら下げ組	burasage gumi	A line breaking rule to avoid commas or full stops at a line head (which is prohibited in Japanese typography) by taking them back to the end of the previous line beyond the specified line length. (JIS Z 8125)
line adjustment by inter-character space expansion	追出し処理	oidashi shori	A line breaking rule that aligns both edges of a line by expanding inter-character spaces. (JIS Z 8125).
line adjustment by inter-character space reduction	追込み処理	oikomi shori	A line breaking rule that aligns both edges of a line by removing adjustable spaces such as conditional spaces for punctuation marks. (JIS Z 8125).
line breaking rules	禁則処理	kinsoku shori	A set of rules to avoid prohibited layout in Japanese typography, such as "line-start prohibition rule", "line-end prohibition rule", inseparable or unbreakable character sequences and so on. (JIS Z 8125)
line end	行末	gyōmatsu	The position at which a line ends. (JIS Z 8125)
line end alignment	行末そろえ	gyōmatsu soroe	To align a run of text to the line end. (JIS Z 8125)
line end indent	字上げ	jiage	To reserve a certain amount of space before the default position of a line end. (JIS Z 8125)
line-end prohibition rule	行末禁則	gyōmatsu kinsoku	A line breaking rule that prohibits specific characters at a line end. (JIS Z 8125)
line feed	行送り	gyō okuri	The distance between two adjacent lines measured by their reference points. (JIS Z 8125)
line gap	行間	gyoukan	The smallest amount of space between adjacent lines.
line head	行頭	gyoutou	The position at which a line starts. (JIS Z 8125)
line head alignment	行頭そろえ	gyōtō soroe	To align a run of text to the line head. (JIS Z 8125)
line head indent	字下げ	jisage	To reserve a certain amount of space after the default position of a line head. (JIS Z 8125)
line length	行長	gyōchō	Length of a line with a pre-defined number of characters. When the line is indented at the line head or the line end, it is length of the line from the specified amount of line head indent to the specified amount of line end indent.
line-start prohibition rule	行頭禁則	gyōtō kinsoku	A line breaking rule that prohibits specific characters at a line head. (JIS Z 8125)
main text	本文	honbun	a) The principal part of a book, usually preceded by the front matter, followed by the back matter. b) The principal part of an article excluding figures, tables, heading, notes, leads and so on. c) The content of a page excluding running heads and page numbers. d) The net contents of a book excluding covers, end papers, insets and so on. (JIS Z 8125)
matrix	母型	bokei	A metal mold from which movable type is cast.
Mincho typeface	明朝体	minchōtai	NEW
mixed text composition	混植	konshoku	a) To interleave Japanese text with Western text in a line (Japanese and Western mixed text composition). b) To compose text with different sizes of characters (mixed size composition). c) To compose text with different typefaces (mixed typeface composition). (JIS Z 8125)
mono-ruby	モノルビ	mono rubi	A method of ruby distribution where a run of ruby text is attached to each base character. (JIS Z 8125)
multi-column format	段組	dangumi	A format of text on a page where text is divided into two or more sections (columns) in the inline direction and each column is separated by a certain amount of space (column space). (JIS Z 8125)
multivolume work	多巻物	takanmono	A set of work published in two or more volumes, as in the complete work or the first/last half volumes.
naka-tobira	中扉	naka tobira	A recto or a page inserted to divide two different parts in a book. It often has a title or other text to describe the new part. (JIS Z 8125)
nakatsuki (nakatsuki-ruby)	中付き（中付きルビ）	nakatsuki (nakatsuki rubi)	A method of ruby character distribution where each ruby character is aligned to the vertical center of the corresponding base character in vertical writing mode, or to the horizontal center of the base character in horizontal writing mode. (JIS Z 8125)
new column	改段	kaidan	NEW
new recto	改丁	kaichō	To start a new heading or something on a odd page. (JIS Z 8125)
note	注	chū	Explanatory information added to terms, figures or tables. (JIS Z 8125)
number of characters per line	字詰め	jizume	Number of characters in a line to specify the length of lines. (JIS Z 8125)
number of columns	段数	dansū	Number of columns on a page. (JIS Z 8125)
omote-kei	表罫	omotekei	NEW
one em space	全角アキ	zenkaku aki	Amount of space that is full-width size.
one third em	三分	sanbu	One third of the full-width size. (JIS Z 8125)
one third em space	三分アキ	sanbu aki	Amount of space that is one third size of em space.
one-third-ruby	三分ルビ	sanbu rubi	Ruby characters, narrow enough so that three can fit within the width of a full-width base character.
original pattern	原図	genzu	An original drawn pattern of a character image to be used for a printing type or a digitized glyph.
ornament characters	添え字	soeji	A superscript or subscript attached to a base character. (JIS Z 8125)
page	ページ	pēji	A side of a sheet of paper in a written work such as a book. (JIS Z 8125)
page break	改ページ	kai pēji	To end a page even if it is not full and to start a new page with the next paragraph, a new heading and so on. (JIS Z 8125)
page format	組体裁	kumi teisai	The layout and presentation of a page with text, graphics and other elements for a publication such as a book.
page number	ノンブル	nonburu	A sequential number to indicate the order of pages in a publication. (JIS Z 8125)
para-ruby	パラルビ	para rubi	A method of ruby annotation where ruby text is only attached to selected Kanji characters in the text. (JIS Z 8125)
paragraph	段落	danraku	A group of sentences to be processed for line composition. A paragraph consists of one or more lines. (JIS Z 8125)
paragraph break	改行	kaigyō	To start a new line to indicate a new paragraph.
paragraph format	段落整形	danraku seikei	A format of a paragraph, as in line head indent or line end indent.
parallel-note	並列注	heiretsuchū	NEW
point	ポイント	pointo	A measurement unit of character size. 1 point is equal to 0.3514mm (see JIS Z 8305). There is another unit to measure character sizes called Q, where 1Q is equivalent to 0.25mm.
printing types	活字	katsuji	Movable type used for letterpress printing.
proportional	プロポーショナル	puropōshonaru	A characteristic of a font where character advance is different per glyph. (JIS Z 8125)
punctuation marks	約物	yakumono	A general term referring to the symbols used in text composition to help make the meaning of text clearer, as in commas, full stops, question marks, brackets, diereses and so on. (JIS Z 8125)
quarter em	四分	shibu	Quarter size of full-width.
quarter em space	四分アキ	shibu aki	Amount of space that is a quarter of an em space in size.
quarter em width	四分角	shibu kaku	Character frame which has a character advance of a quarter em. (JIS X 4051)
quotation	引用文	in-yōbun	Excerps from other published works. (JIS Z 8125)
reference marks	合印	aijirushi	A symbol or short run of text attached to a specific part of text, to which notes are provided followed by the corresponding marks.
reverse pagination	逆ノンブル	gyaku nonburu	Numbering pages of a book backwards. (JIS Z 8125)
Roman numerals	ローマ数字	rōma sūji	Numerals represented by upper case or lower case of Latin letters. (JIS Z 8125)
ruby	ルビ	rubi	Supplementary small characters indicating pronunciation, meaning, etc. for the character or the block of characters they annotate. (JIS Z 8125) (Sometimes these annotations are referred to as "furigana".)
run-in heading	同行見出し	dōgyōmidashi	NEW
running head	柱	hashira	A page element which contains information on the title of the book, chapter, section and so on, printed outside the area of the hanmen. (JIS Z 8125)
second level heading	中見出し	nakamidashi	NEW
sidenote	傍注	bōchū	NEW
single line alignment method	そろえ	soroe	To align a run of text that is shorter than a given line length to designated positions.
single running head method	片柱方式	katabashira hōshiki	A method that puts running heads only on odd pages. (JIS Z 8125)
small kana	小書きの仮名	kogaki no kana	Kana with smaller letter faces to be used mainly for representing contracted sounds or prolonged vowels. (JIS Z 8125)
solid setting	ベタ組	beta gumi	To arrange characters with no inter-character space between adjacent character frames.
space	アキ	aki	Amount of space between adjacent characters or lines. It also refers to the blank area between the edges of a hanmen or an illustration and text or other hanmen elements.
spread	見開き	mihiraki	Any two facing pages when opening a book and the like. (JIS Z 8125)
subscript (inferior)	下付き	shitatsuki	Smaller face of characters, attached to the lower right or the lower left of a normal size character. (JIS Z 8125)
subtitle	副題	fukudai	NEW
superscript (superior)	上付き	uwatsuki	Smaller face of characters, attached to the upper right or the upper left of a normal size character. (JIS Z 8125)
tab setting	タブ処理	tabu shori	A method of line composition to align one or more runs of text to designated positions on a line.
table	表	hyō	Formatted data consisting of characters or numbers, arranged in cells and sometimes divided by lines, in order to present the data in a way that is easier to understand. (JIS Z 8125)
table of contents	目次	mokuji	A list of headings of contents of a book in page order or arranged by subjects, with page numbers on which each section begins. (JIS Z 8125)
tate-chu-yoko	縦中横	tate chū yoko	To typeset a (small) group of characters horizontally within a vertical line of main text.
tentsuki	天付き	tentsuki	a) To remove conditional space from opening brackets at a line head to align the line head to the ones of the adjacent lines. b) Not to add the default line head indent for the first line of a paragraph so as to align all line heads. (JIS Z 8125)
text direction	組方向	kumi hōkō	Horizontal setting or vertical setting. (JIS Z 8125)
third level heading	小見出し	komidashi	NEW
top level heading	大見出し	ōmidashi	NEW
Touyou Kanji Table	当用漢字表	tōyō kanji hyō	The official list of Kanji characters established in 1946, which was designed to restrict the Kanji characters for general use in society to only those 1850 specified in the list. The list together with other related tables was superseded by the Jouyou Kanji Table.
trim size	仕上りサイズ	shiagari saizu	Dimensions of a full page in a publication, including margins. (JIS Z 8125)
tsumegumi	詰め組	tsumegumi	Adjustment of inter-character space by making the distance between the letter face of adjacent characters shorter than that produced by solid setting. (JIS Z 8125)
type-picking	文選	bunsen	To select metal type for characters needed to print a manuscript. (Metal type is stored in a type case, but because the number of Japanese characters is very large, an extra operation was invented that involves collecting type in a so-called 'bunsen box' before typesetting a manuscript using a composing stick.)
typeface	書体	shotai	A set of letters or symbols, which are designed to have coherent patterns to be used for printing or rendering to a computer screen. (JIS Z 8125)
unbreakable characters rule	分割禁止	bunkatsu kinshi	A line breaking rule that prohibits breaking a line between consecutive dashes or leaders, or between other specific combinations of characters.
underline	下線	kasen	A line drawn under a character or a run of text in horizontal writing mode. (JIS Z 8125)
ura-kei	裏罫	urakei	NEW
vertical writing mode	縦組	tate gumi	The process or the result of arranging characters on a line from top to bottom, of lines on a page from right to left, and/or of columns on a page from top to bottom. (JIS Z 8125)
warichu (inline cutting note)	割注	warichū	A note of two or more lines inserted in the text. It includes brackets which surround the note (JIS Z 8125)
weight	ウェイト	weito	NEW
widow	ウィドウ	widō	The term in Western text layout to describe that the last line of a paragraph with only a few words appears at the top of a new page or a column. (JIS Z 8125)
widow adjustment	段落末尾処理	danraku matsubi shori	A method of line composition to adjust lines in a paragraph so that the last line consists of more than a given number of characters.